Whenever you refer to another person's work in your own essay, dissertation or article you must acknowledge them and give full details of your source. You risk being accused of plagiarism if you fail to do so.
The Harvard referencing style is used for biomedical sciences - see below for examples.
For general information on referencing, including an explanation of different citation systems, and guidance on citing specific types of publication, see our Citing references guide.
For help with citing specific types of publication contact your subject librarian, Tim Chapman.
For advice on using references in your work, and how to use them to support your arguments, consult the guidance on the Study Advice website or make an appointment with them.
If you're studying Biomedical Sciences at Reading you're likely to be taking modules from the School of Biological Sciences (BI) and the School of Pharmacy (PM). It's important that you cite your references in the style that's required by your School. Biological Sciences use the Harvard style so for these modules use can use the guidance below. Some modules in the school of Pharmacy may require you to use the Vancouver referencing style, which is a numbered style. If this is the case you can follow the guidance on the Vancouver style in the Pharmacy Citing References Guide.
If you're in any doubt check with your module convenor and for specific referencing questions contact your Academic Liaison Librarian, Tim Chapman.
Elements to include in your bibliography entry
Example: book with a single author/editor
Citation in the text: “Fuller (2019) stated…..” or “…there are other physiological roles for platelets (Fuller, 2019).”
Full reference:
Fuller, C. (2019) Platelets. Cambridge: Biostate Publishing.
Example: book with two authors/editors
Citation in the text: "Fox and Moss (2020) stated..." or "... (Fox & Moss, 2020)."
Full reference:
Fox, P.F. & Moss, P.L.H. (2020) Advanced Life Sciences Volume 1: Proteins, 2nd ed. New York: Kluwer Academic.
Example: book with more than two authors/editors
Citation in the text: "Lanham et al. (2017) state..." or "... (Lanham et al, 2017)
Full reference:
Lanham, S.A., MacDonald, I.A. & Roche, H.M. (eds.) (2017) Ecology and Ecosystems, 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
Elements to include in your bibliography entry
Example: book chapter with two authors
Citation in the text: “….. (Davis & Williams, 2021).”
Full reference:
Davis, J.G. & Williams, R. (2021) Microbiology Explained. In: Robinson, R. (ed.) Microbiology Vol 2, 2nd ed. London: Elsevier Applied Science. pp. 45-49.
Example: book chapter with three or more authors
Citation in the text: “... (Martin et al., 2018).”
Full reference:
Martin, P., Ferranti, P., Leroux, C. & Addeo, F. (2018) The Ecology of Rivers. In: Fox, P.F. & McSweeney, P.L.H. (eds.) Advanced Ecology Volume 1: 3rd ed. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. pp. 126-131.
Note that all the authors are included in the bibliography.
Elements to include in your bibliography entry
DOIs, URLs and other information such as Epub identifiers should NOT be included in the bibliography.
* Note about online only articles - some articles will not have page numbers, or even volume and issue numbers if they are only available electronically. These may only give a reference number. You should include this instead at the end of your reference. See the last example below. If an article is shown as 'In press' and doesn't yet have these details, just use 'In press' instead.
Example: journal article with a single author
Citation in the text: ... (Birch, 2015)
Full reference:
Birch, G.G. (2015) The biology of blood. Journal of Hematology, 51, 359-364.
Example: journal article with two authors
Citation in the text: ... (Al-Otaibi & Wilbey, 2020)
Full reference:
Al-Otaibi, M.M. & Wilbey, R.A. (2020) Rethinking microbiology experiments. Journal of Microbiology Research, 72(2), 234-242.
Example: journal article with three or more authors
Citation in the text: ... (Leach et al., 2019)
Full reference:
Leach, G.C., Pyle, D.L. & Niranjan, K. (2019) Recent advances in hedgerow surveying techniques. International Journal of Ecological Surveying, 29(5), 547-558.
You must include ALL authors in the reference in the bibliography.
Example: online only journal article without page numbers
Citation in the text: ... (Han et al., 2015)
Full reference:
Han, F., Zhou, D., Liu, X., Cheng, J., Zhang, Q. & Shelton, A.M. (2015) Attitudes to Cardio-vascular education. PLoS ONE, 10(9), e0139114.
You should avoid citing webpages unless you are clear of their quality and suitability for inclusion in academic work. See the 'Websites' tab within this guide for more information on evaluating webpages.
If you are citing an online journal article - follow the guidance on citing journal article. If it has a volume number and page numbers or a single numerical identifier, it is probably a journal article.
Elements to include in your bibliography entry
Example
The citation in the text should be by author and date, as with other sources, though problems can occur where there is no obvious author (see below).
Citation in the text: “…..folate is naturally present in some foods, can be added to others, or taken as a supplement (Office of Dietary Supplements, 2018).”
Full reference:
Office of Dietary Supplements (2018) Dietary supplement fact sheet: folate. URL: http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate-HealthProfessional/ [6 August 2020]
Can't identify the author?
If you can identify the organisation responsible for the website, then use their name as the author e.g. World Health Organisation. If this is not possible, then use the page title or an abbreviation thereof.
Citation in the text: “…..as demonstrated by the traditional Hepatitis B (2014).”
Full reference:
Hepatitis B (2014) The treatment of Hepatitis B. URL: http://www.medico-hepatitis.com.pdf. [9th March 2021]
Can't tell what date is was created or updated?
Look for an updated date at the foot of the page. If you can’t find one, then use the year you accessed the information followed by a question mark e.g. (2021?).
If you are citing a web site then you should retain a printed copy of that site on that day as the site can be changed without notice.
When you do your dissertation you could consider using EndNote to manage your references. This bibliographic management package can be used to store references, and then insert the citation in your Word document, automatically building the bibliography for you in the correct style.
Find out more on our EndNote webpages:
For information on other options for electronic management of your references see our guide to Managing references:
As well as our citing references guide there are several books in the Library that can help you with referencing in your written work - here are a few examples;
Reporting Research: a biologist's guide to articles, talks and posters by 
Research Project Success by 
Cite Them Right. 12th ed. by 
The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism by 
