APD: support for your undergraduate dissertation

Include information on editions and number of volumes if appropriate.

Full: Shriver, D.F. and Atkins, P.W. (2017). Organic Farming. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Brief: (Shriver and Atkins, 2017)

Full: Friedman, M. ed. (2013). Protein nutritional quality of foods and feeds. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2 vols.

Brief: (Friedman, 2013)

Print copies of journal articles:

Include the page extent of the whole article when writing your full citation, not just the pages you have referred to.

Full: O’Gorman, E. (2020). Decision-making style of agribusiness managers. Agricultural Economics. 46, 19-26.

Brief: (O’Gorman, 2020)

If there are more than three authors, for the brief citation you can just state the first author, followed by et al.

Full: Christie, D., Cassidy, C., Skinner, D. Coutts, N., Sinclair, C. Rimpilainen, S., and Wilson, A. (2007). Brown trout: biology, ecology and management. Fish Ecology, 13 (3), 263-278.

Brief: (Christie et al., 2007)

Print journals accessed online:

If you access a journal article online (e.g. through JSTOR), but it is also available in print, use the same format for citation as above.

Online journals:

If the journal is ONLY available online, you should include the URL. Note that online-only journal articles may not have page numbers:

Full: Strestha, P. (2020). Quantifying nutrient recovery efficiency and loss from compost-based urban agriculture. JPLoS ONE 15(4): e0230996. Available at http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230996 

Include the page extent of the whole chapter when writing your full citation, not just the pages you have referred to.

Full: Laurie, H. and Gershuny, J. (2009). Organic poultry production. In R. Berthoud and J. Gershuny (eds.). Farming systems in the United Kingdom, Bristol: Policy Press, pp. 25-37.

Brief: (Laurie and Gershuny, 2009)

Include the date accessed when you write your full citation.

If there is no named author, use whoever has responsibility for the webpage (e.g. an organisation, government department, or company).

You may be able to find a date by scrolling to the bottom of the page, but if there is none, use n.d. for not dated.

Full: Sherman, C. (2017). The invisible countryside. Online at http://web.freepint.com/go/news/56#feature, accessed 25 November 2019.

Brief: (Sherman, 20017)

Full: Biffa. (2018). Our environmental policy. Online at http://www.biffa.co.uk/files/ENVIRONMENTAL_POLICY_SEPT_08v2.pdf, accessed 9 January 2020.

Brief: (Biffa, 2018)

Full: Food for all. (n.d.). Horticulture for all. Online at http://www.foodforall/hort/elder, accessed 12 July 2019.

Brief: (Food for all, n.d.)

Have a look at this Study Advice video tutorial (the link will take you to an external website):

A cited source is when the author of the text you are reading quotes someone else, and you want to use the quote that they use in your work.

If possible, you should always try to read the original of anything you wish to refer to. Otherwise you are relying on the author who cited the reference to have interpreted it correctly and not taken it out of context.

If you do read the original, you should include a citation to both sources in your bibliography or reference list, and your brief citation should cite both texts:

Full: Sender, A.E. (1998). Food processing and nutrition. London: Academic Press.

Full: Chang, I. C. L. (1952) The fatty acid content of meat and poultry. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 29, 334-378.

Brief: (Chang, 1952. Also cited in Sender, 1998.)

If you cannot read the original, you should only list the source you have actually read in your bibliography or reference list:

Full:   Sender, A.E. (1998). Food processing and nutrition. London: Academic Press.

Brief: (Chang, 1952 cited in Bender, 1998.)