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English Literature: Citing references

A guide to finding information in English literature. Includes links to key resources and sources of help.

Referencing guide for English Literature

Whenever you refer to another person's work in your own essay, dissertation or article you must acknowledge them and give full details of your source. You risk being accused of plagiarism if you fail to do so.

The Department of English Literature have provided a referencing style guide, based on the MHRA Style Guide, 4th ed. You can download a copy from Blackboard at the link below;

MHRA 4th ed. referencing summary and examples

Details of the books, articles, websites and other formats of information you want to reference are entered using a footnote system. A note system has three elements;

  1. A superscript number in the text, pointing your reader to the information about your source for the idea or quotation
  2. A footnote corresponding to each superscript number in the bottom margin of the page, with full details of your source*
  3. A bibliography at the end of your document listing all your sources alphabetically

* the only exception to this is when you are referring frequently to a literary work like a novel, play or poem - see the box below on Frequent references to literary works eg novels, plays, poems etc

Whenever you want to refer to an idea or quote something, insert a superscript number at the end of your sentence, after the full stop.1 Start at 1 then number each new reference consecutively - use a new number each time you reference something (even if you've previously referenced the same source.)

In Word, you can do this in the References ribbon >> Insert Footnote, and Word will create a corresponding numbered note either in the footer of the page.

In the corresponding footnote, you write the full reference for the item you want to refer to, with the specific page number, or page range, at the end.


1 Elleke Boehmer, Postcolonial Poetics: 21st-Century Critical Readings (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), p. 42.

Capitalisation
Capitalise the first word of the title and subtitle, and any significant words (eg all words except short joining words and articles like the, and, it etc.) You should capitalise short joining words and articles where they are the first word of a subtitle, eg:
Tom Furniss and Michael Bath, Reading Poetry: An Introduction (Prentice Hall / Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1996), p. 327.

 

If you refer to the same source later in your writing, you should use an abbreviated version of the citation in your footnote or endnote - the short version usually includes only the author's surname, the first few words of the title and a page number or page range;


2 Boehmer, Postcolonial Poetics, pp. 142–143.

At the end of your work, insert a Bibliography listing all your sources in alphabetical order of the author / creator's surname. In the Bibliography, reverse the order of the first author's name so that it appear Surname, Firstname - if there is more than one author, keep the subsequent authors' names in their usual order.

Frequent references to literary works eg novels, plays, poems etc
If you are frequently referencing or quoting from a key text there is an exception to the footnote rules! For these you can use an abbreviated reference in parentheses (normal brackets) at the end of your sentence / quotation.

The first time you quote or refer to the key text, insert a footnote reference as normal, but add a note like this to the end;

Margaret Atwood, The Handmaid's Tale (Virago, 1987), p. 36, hereafter THT. Subsequent references are given in parentheses in the main text.
Then any other time you reference or quote from this book, don't use a footnote reference - just put your abbreviated title in italics and a page number  in brackets at the end of your sentence / quotation, like this;
'The threshold of a new house is a lonely place' (THT, p. 24) 

 

Bibliography

Atwood, Margaret, The Handmaid's Tale (Virago, 1987)

Boehmer, Elleke, Postcolonial Poetics: 21st-Century Critical Readings (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018)

Furniss, Tom and Michael Bath, Reading Poetry: An Introduction (Prentice Hall / Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1996)

Wu, Duncan, Romanticism: An Anthology, 4th edn (Wiley-Blackwell, 2012)

—— Wordsworth: An Inner Life (Blackwell, 2002)

More than one source by the same author?
Where you list more than one work by the same author, miss off the author's name in second and subsequent works and instead start the reference with two EM dashes ——

You can find the em dash in Word under Insert >> Symbol>> More symbols >> Special Characters


Arrange works by the same author with single authored works first followed by co-authored works, and within this structure order them alphabetically by title.

 

This is written as a brief introductory guide - for full rules and guidance of the MHRA referencing style, please see chapters 7 and 8 of the
MHRA style guide Fourth Edition, below;

Footnote - first time

1 Author Firstname Author Surname, Title of Book (Publisher Name, Year), p. page number.

Footnote - subsequent short version

Author Surname, Shortened Title, p. page number.

Bibliography

Author Surname, Author Firstname, Title of Book, (Publisher Name, Year)

 

Example:

Footnote - first time

Kinitra D. Brooks, Searching for Sycorax: Black Women's Hauntings of Contemporary Horror (Rutgers University Press, 2018), p. 79.

Footnote - subsequent short version

Brooks, Searching for Sycorax, pp. 42–43.

Bibliography

Brooks, Kinitra D., Searching for Sycorax: Black Women's Hauntings of Contemporary Horror (Rutgers University Press, 2018)

Book information in Enterprise library catalogue for "Searching for Sycorax"

Footnote - first time

1 Title of Book, ed. by Editor Firstname Editor Lastname (Publisher Name, Year), p. page.

Footnote - subsequent short version

Shortened Title, p. page.

Bibliography

Editor Surname, Editor Firstname, (ed.) Title of Book (Publisher Name, Year)

 

Example:

Footnote - first time

Literature, Learning and Social Hierarchy in Early Modern Europe, ed. by Neil Kenny (Oxford University Press, 2022), p. 63.

Footnote - subsequent short version

Literature, Learning ed. by Kenny, pp. 89–90.

Bibliography

Kenny, Neil, (ed.), Literature, Learning and Social Hierarchy in Early Modern Europe (Oxford University Press, 2022)

The title of the chapter goes in single quotation marks in plain text - follow this with a comma and the word 'in' before the book title in italics. Include the start and end page numbers for the chapter after the publisher and year, then include your specific page number for this reference in brackets after that.

Footnote - first time

1 Chapter Author Firstname Chapter Author Surname, 'Title of Chapter', in Title of Book, ed. by Editor Firstname Editor Surname (Publisher Name, Year), pp. page number – page number (p. page number), doi:doi number

Footnote - subsequent short version

Chapter Author Surname, 'Shortened Title', p. page.

Bibliography

Chapter Author Surname, Chapter Author Firstname, 'Title of Chapter', in Title of Book, ed. by Editor Firstname Editor Surname (Publisher Name, Year), pp. page number – page number, doi:doi number

Hang on - what's a doi?

DOI stands for Digital Object Identifier - it's an identifying number given to academic journal articles, books, chapters and reports that you can access online. Often when looking at an article online you will see the DOI in it's URL format, eg. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108684750.009

MHRA style requires all references have a DOI at the end where one is available - start this with doi: and then copy and paste just the numbers from the URL, (miss off http://doi.org) eg. doi:10.1017/9781108684750.009

 

Example:

Footnote - first time

1 Melissa E. Sanchez, 'Was Sexuality Racialized for Shakespeare?: Anthony and Cleopatra', in The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Race, ed. by Ayanna Thompson (Cambridge University Press, 2021), pp. 123–38 (pp. 125-26), doi:10.1017/9781108684750.009.

Footnote - subsequent short version

Sanchez, 'Was Sexuality Racialized', p. 136.

Bibliography

Sanchez, Melissa E., 'Was Sexuality Racialized for Shakespeare?: Anthony and Cleopatra', in The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Race, ed. by Ayanna Thompson (Cambridge University Press, 2021), pp. 123–38, doi:10.1017/9781108684750.009

 

The title of the article is given in single quotation marks before the Journal title. Instead of a publisher and city of publication, (as for books,) the Volume and Part number of the journal are given with a DOI wherever one is available.

Footnote - first time

1 Author Firstname Author Surname, 'Title of Article', Title of Journal, volume number.part number (Year), pp. page number–page number (p. page number), doi:doi number.

In Footnote - subsequent short version

Author Surname, 'Shortened Title of Article', p. page number.

In Bibliography

Author Surname, Author Firstname, 'Title of Article', Title of Journal, volume number.part number (Year), pp. page number–page number, doi:doi number

Hang on - what's a doi?

DOI stands for Digital Object Identifier - it's an identifying number given to academic journal articles, books, chapters and reports that you can access online. Often when looking at an article online you will see the DOI in it's URL format, eg. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108684750.009

MHRA style requires all references have a DOI at the end where one is available - start this with doi: and then copy and paste just the numbers from the URL, (miss off http://doi.org) eg. doi:10.1017/9781108684750.009

 

Example:

Footnote - first time

1 Janice A. Thompson, '"O That my Words Were Written Down!": Contested Bodies and Unwelcome Words in the Book of Job and Modern Poetry of Disability', Horizons, 49.2 (2022), pp. 277–304 (p. 289), doi:10.1017/hor.2022.50.

Footnote - subsequent short version

Thompson, '"Oh That my Words"', pp. 283–84.

Bibliography

Thompson, Janice A. '"O That my Words Were Written Down!": Contested Bodies and Unwelcome Words in the Book of Job and Modern Poetry of Disability', Horizons, 49.2 (2022), pp. 277–304, doi:10.1017/hor.2022.50

Journal article from Summon showing title, author, volume, Part, year and Journal name

Separate authors' / editors' names with the word 'and' - only invert the first name listed in the Bibliography entry. If they are editors, use the abbreviation 'eds' in brackets after their names eg. (eds),

Footnote - first time

1 Author Firstname Author Surname, and Author Firstname Author Surname, Title of Book (Publisher Name, Year), p. page number.

Footnote - subsequent short version

Author Surname and Author Surname, Shortened Title, p. page number.

Bibliography

Author Surname, Author Firstname, and Author Firstname Author Surname, Title of Book (Publisher Name, Year)

 

Example:

Footnote - first time

1 Martin Munro, and Celia Britton, American Creoles: The Francophone Caribbean and the American South (Liverpool University Press, (2012), p. 42.

Footnote - subsequent short version

2 Munro and Britton, American Creoles, p. 142–143.

Bibliography

Munro, Martin, and Celia Britton, American Creoles: The Francophone Caribbean and the American South (Liverpool University Press, (2012)

Separate authors' / editors' names with a comma then the word 'and' - only invert the first name listed in the Bibliography entry. If they are editors, in the bibliography after listing their names use the abbreviation 'eds' in brackets eg. (eds),

Footnote - first time

1 Title of Book, ed. by Editor Firstname Editor Surname, Editor Firstname Editor Surname and Editor Firstname Editor Surname (Publisher Name, Year), p. page.

Footnote - subsequent short version

Shortened Title, ed. by Editor Surname, Editor Surname, and Editor Surname, p. page.

Bibliography

Editor Surname, Editor Firstname, Editor Firstname Editor Surname, and Editor Firstname Editor Surname (eds), Title of Book, (Publisher Name, Year)

 

Example:

Footnote - first time

1 Contemporary Publishing and the Culture of Books, ed. by Alison Baverstock, Richard Bradford, and Madelena Gonzalez (Routledge, 2020), p. 242.

Footnote - subsequent short version

2 Contemporary Publishing, ed. by Baverstock, Bradford, and Gonzalez, pp. 89–90.

Bibliography

Baverstock, Alison, Richard Bradford, and Madelena Gonzalez (eds), Contemporary Publishing and the Culture of Books, (Routledge, 2020)

List only the first author's name, followed by 'and others'. If they are editors, in the bibliography after listing their names use the abbreviation 'eds' in brackets eg. (eds).

Footnote - first time

1 Title of Book, ed. by Editor Firstname Editor Surname and others (Publisher Name, Year), p. page.

Footnote - subsequent short version

Shortened Title, ed. by Editor Surname and others, p. page.

Bibliography

Editor Surname, Editor Firstname, and others (eds), Title of Book (Publisher Name, Year)

 

Example:

Footnote - first time

Desire in Dante and the Middle Ages, ed. by Manuele Gragnolati and others (Legenda, 2012), p. 179.

Footnote - subsequent short version

Desire in Dante, ed. by Gragnolati and others, p. 156–157.

Bibliography

Gragnolati, Manuele, and others (eds), Desire in Dante and the Middle Ages (Legenda, 2012)

Put the URL of the website in angle brackets eg. <URL>, and include both the date the website was published and the date you accessed it.

Websites - named author

Footnote

Author Firstname Author Surname, ‘Title of page or article’, Title of internet site, DD Month Year site was published <URL> [accessed DD Month YYYY].

Footnote - subsequent short version

Author Surname, ‘Title'. 

Bibliography

Author Surname, Author Firstname, ‘Title of page or article’, Title of internet site, DD Month Year site was published <URL> [accessed DD Month YYYY]

 

Example

Footnote

Shola Lee, ‘Holly Jackson: "Obviously, I Love Murder - Fictional Murder"’, BBC News, 7 July 2024 <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/crgk41ylmgeo> [accessed 11 July 2024].

Footnote - subsequent short version

Lee, ‘Holly Jackson'. 

Bibliography

Lee, Shola, , ‘Holly Jackson: "Obviously, I Love Murder - Fictional Murder"’, BBC News, 7 July 2024 <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/crgk41ylmgeo> [accessed 11 July 2024]

Hang on - what if I can't find a date?
If you're unsure of the date the website was published, try doing a special type of Google search - follow the instructions in Method 2 on this Wikihow article

 

For websites, it's sometimes not obvious who the author is. If there is no named author, just use the webpage's title, as below;

Websites - no named author

Footnote / Endnote - first time

1 ‘Title of page or article’, Title of internet site, DD Month Year site was published <URL> [accessed DD Month YYYY].

In Footnote / Endnote - subsequent short version

2 'Title'.

In Bibliography

‘Title of page or article’, Title of internet site, DD Month Year site was published <URL> [accessed DD Month YYYY]

 

Example:

Footnote

‘Amy Levy’, Orlando, 2022 <https://orlando-cambridge-org.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/profiles/levyam> [accessed 11 July 2024].

Footnote - subsequent short version

‘Amy Levy'.

Bibliography

‘Amy Levy’, Orlando, 2022 <https://orlando-cambridge-org.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/profiles/levyam> [accessed 11 July 2024]

For examples and guidance on how to format footnote and bibliography references for all other formats - videos, films, podcasts, social media posts, art installations and literally anything you can think of - take a look at the Cite them right guidance;

MHRA referencing 4th ed. further help on Cite them Right

This online guide has examples of how to reference books, articles, conferences, archives, all different types of art works, performances and exhibitions, digital and social media - literally anything you can think of!

MHRA 4th ed guidance available on Cite them Right

EndNote

EndNote logoWhen you do your dissertation you could consider using EndNote to manage your references. This bibliographic management package can be used to store references, and then insert the citation in your Word document, automatically building the bibliography for you in the correct style.

Find out more on our EndNote webpages:

For information on other options for electronic management of your references see our guide to Managing references:

MHRA 3rd edition

Please note: Students who started studying before September 2024 will have previously used the MHRA 3rd ed referencing guidelines recommended by the department, which have a few small but notable differences. These have now been superseded by the 4th ed. (above.)

The MHRA 3rd ed guidance is still availbale on their website at the link below;

 

Get help from your academic liaison librarian

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Further help

For help with citing specific types of publication contact your subject librarian.

For advice on using references in your work, and how to use them to support your arguments, consult the guidance on the Study Advice website or make an appointment with them.