The Department of English Literature have provided a referencing style guide, based on the MHRA Style Guide, 3rd ed. You can download a copy here, or from Blackboard.
Whenever you refer to another person's work in your own essay, dissertation or article you must acknowledge them and give full details of your source. You risk being accused of plagiarism if you fail to do so.
MHRA referencing distinguishes between citations for primary texts (e.g. novels, poems etc) and secondary texts (e.g. critical works, additional information).
Most in-text citations are in footnotes. Full details (including editions and translation details if appropriate) should be included in the footnotes for the first mention of a text for both primary and secondary texts. After this, a shortened version can be used, either in brackets in the body of the text, or in footnotes. Whichever method you choose, be consistent.
Examples for primary and secondary texts:
In-text, first mention, primary text: (in footnote) Emily Dickinson, The Complete Poems, ed. by Thomas H. Johnson (London: Faber, 1970), p. 172. Further references to this text are from this edition and are given in the text.
In-text, following mentions, primary text: (in body of text) (Dickinson, p.174) or (p.174)
In-text, first mention, secondary text: (in footnote) Brian Vickers, Francis Bacon and Renaissance Prose (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), p. 49.
In-text, following mentions, secondary text: (in footnote) Vickers, p. 85.
In bibliography, primary and secondary texts: Dickinson, Emily, The Complete Poems, ed. by Thomas H. Johnson (London: Faber, 1970)
First, refer to your Department's referencing guide linked above. You will find additional examples and explanations in the MHRA Handbook below, and further examples of specific references e.g. government publications using the 'Cite them Right' guide below. If you can't find the answer in either of the guides below, please speak to your Academic Liaison Librarian.
MHRA Style Guide. a Handbook for Authors and Editors. 3rd Edition by Details of the books, articles, websites and other formats of information you want to reference are entered using a footnote system. A note system has three elements;
* the only exception to this is when you are referring frequently to a literary work like a novel, play or poem - see the box below on Frequent references to literary works eg novels, plays, poems etc
Whenever you want to refer to an idea or quote something, insert a superscript number at the end of your sentence, after the full stop.1 Start at 1 then number each new reference consecutively - use a new number each time you reference something (even if you've previously referenced the same source.)
In Word, you can do this in the References ribbon >> Insert Footnote, and Word will create a corresponding numbered note either in the footer of the page.
In the corresponding footnote, you write the full reference for the item you want to refer to, with the specific page number, or page range, at the end.
1 Elleke Boehmer, Postcolonial Poetics: 21st-Century Critical Readings (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), p. 42.
If you refer to the same source later in your writing, you should use an abbreviated version of the citation in your footnote or endnote - the short version usually includes only the author's surname, the first few words of the title and a page number or page range;
2 Boehmer, Postcolonial Poetics, pp. 142–143.
At the end of your work, insert a Bibliography listing all your sources in alphabetical order of the author / creator's surname. In the Bibliography, reverse the order of the first author's name so that it appear Surname, Firstname - if there is more than one author, keep the subsequent authors' names in their usual order.
Bibliography
Atwood, Margaret, The Handmaid's Tale (Virago, 1987)
Boehmer, Elleke, Postcolonial Poetics: 21st-Century Critical Readings (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018)
Furniss, Tom and Michael Bath, Reading Poetry: An Introduction (Prentice Hall / Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1996)
Wu, Duncan, Romanticism: An Anthology, 4th edn (Wiley-Blackwell, 2012)
—— Wordsworth: An Inner Life (Blackwell, 2002)
This is written as a brief introductory guide - for full rules and guidance of the MHRA referencing style, please see chapters 7 and 8 of the
MHRA style guide Fourth Edition, below;
MHRA Style Guide by Footnote - first time
1 Author Firstname Author Surname, Title of Book (Publisher Name, Year), p. page number.
Footnote - subsequent short version
2 Author Surname, Shortened Title, p. page number.
Bibliography
Author Surname, Author Firstname, Title of Book, (Publisher Name, Year)
Example:
Footnote - first time
1 Kinitra D. Brooks, Searching for Sycorax: Black Women's Hauntings of Contemporary Horror (Rutgers University Press, 2018), p. 79.
Footnote - subsequent short version
2 Brooks, Searching for Sycorax, pp. 42–43.
Bibliography
Brooks, Kinitra D., Searching for Sycorax: Black Women's Hauntings of Contemporary Horror (Rutgers University Press, 2018)
Footnote - first time
1 Title of Book, ed. by Editor Firstname Editor Lastname (Publisher Name, Year), p. page.
Footnote - subsequent short version
2 Shortened Title, p. page.
Bibliography
Editor Surname, Editor Firstname, ed. Title of Book (Publisher Name, Year)
Example:
Footnote - first time
1 Reading Poets: A New Anthology, ed. by Vic Pickup (Two Rivers Press, 2024), p. 63.
Footnote - subsequent short version
2 Reading Poets, ed. by Pickup, pp. 89–90.
Bibliography
Pickup, Vic (ed.), Reading Poets: A New Anthology (Two Rivers Press, 2024)
The title of the chapter goes in single quotation marks in plain text - follow this with a comma and the word 'in' before the book title in italics. Include the start and end page numbers for the chapter after the publisher and year, then include your specific page number for this reference in brackets after that.
Footnote - first time
1 Chapter Author Firstname Chapter Author Surname, 'Title of Chapter', in Title of Book, ed. by Editor Firstname Editor Surname (Publisher Name, Year), pp. page number – page number (p. page number), doi:doi number
Footnote - subsequent short version
2 Chapter Author Surname, 'Shortened Title', p. page.
Bibliography
Chapter Author Surname, Chapter Author Firstname, 'Title of Chapter', in Title of Book, ed. by Editor Firstname Editor Surname (Publisher Name, Year), pp. page number – page number, doi:doi number
Example:
Footnote - first time
1 Melissa E. Sanchez, 'Was Sexuality Racialized for Shakespeare?: Anthony and Cleopatra', in The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Race, ed. by Ayanna Thompson (Cambridge University Press, 2021), pp. 123–138 (pp. 125-26), doi:10.1017/9781108684750.009.
Footnote - subsequent short version
2 Sanchez, 'Was Sexuality Racialized', p. 136.
Bibliography
Sanchez, Melissa E., 'Was Sexuality Racialized for Shakespeare?: Anthony and Cleopatra', in The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Race, ed. by Ayanna Thompson (Cambridge University Press, 2021), pp. 123–138, doi:10.1017/9781108684750.009
The title of the article is given in single quotation marks before the Journal title. Instead of a publisher and city of publication, (as for books,) the Volume and Part number of the journal are given with a DOI wherever one is available.
Footnote - first time
1 Author Firstname Author Surname, 'Title of Article', Title of Journal, volume number.part number (Year), pp. page number–page number (p. page number), doi:doi number.
In Footnote - subsequent short version
2 Author Surname, 'Shortened Title of Article', p. page number.
In Bibliography
Author Surname, Author Firstname, 'Title of Article', Title of Journal, volume number.part number (Year), pp. page number–page number, doi:doi number
Example:
Footnote - first time
1 Janice A. Thompson, '"O That my Words Were Written Down!": Contested Bodies and Unwelcome Words in the Book of Job and Modern Poetry of Disability', Horizons, 49.2 (2022), pp. 277–304 (p. 289), doi:10.1017/hor.2022.50.
Footnote - subsequent short version
2 Thompson, '"Oh That my Words"', pp. 283–284.
Bibliography
Thompson, Janice A. '"O That my Words Were Written Down!": Contested Bodies and Unwelcome Words in the Book of Job and Modern Poetry of Disability', Horizons, 49.2 (2022), pp. 277–304, doi:10.1017/hor.2022.50
Separate authors' / editors' names with the word 'and' - only invert the first name listed in the Bibliography entry. If they are editors, use the abbreviation 'eds' in brackets after their names eg. (eds),
Footnote - first time
1 Author Firstname Author Surname, and Author Firstname Author Surname, Title of Book (Publisher Name, Year), p. page number.
Footnote - subsequent short version
2 Author Surname and Author Surname, Shortened Title, p. page number.
Bibliography
Author Surname, Author Firstname, and Author Firstname Author Surname, Title of Book (Publisher Name, Year)
Example:
Footnote - first time
1 Martin Munro, and Celia Britton, American Creoles: The Francophone Caribbean and the American South (Liverpool University Press, (2012), p. 42.
Footnote - subsequent short version
2 Munro and Britton, American Creoles, p. 142–143.
Bibliography
Munro, Martin, and Celia Britton, American Creoles: The Francophone Caribbean and the American South (Liverpool University Press, (2012)
Separate authors' / editors' names with a comma then the word 'and' - only invert the first name listed in the Bibliography entry. If they are editors, in the bibliography after listing their names use the abbreviation 'eds' in brackets eg. (eds),
Footnote - first time
1 Title of Book, ed. by Editor Firstname Editor Surname, Editor Firstname Editor Surname and Editor Firstname Editor Surname (Publisher Name, Year), p. page.
Footnote - subsequent short version
2 Shortened Title, ed. by Editor Surname, Editor Surname, and Editor Surname, p. page.
Bibliography
Editor Surname, Editor Firstname, Editor Firstname Editor Surname, and Editor Firstname Editor Surname (eds), Title of Book, (Publisher Name, Year)
Example:
Footnote - first time
1 Contemporary Publishing and the Culture of Books, ed. by Alison Baverstock, Richard Bradford, and Madelena Gonzalez (Routledge, 2020), p. 242.
Footnote - subsequent short version
2 Contemporary Publishing, ed. by Baverstock, Bradford, and Gonzalez, pp. 89–90.
Bibliography
Baverstock, Alison, Richard Bradford, and Madelena Gonzalez (eds), Contemporary Publishing and the Culture of Books, (Routledge, 2020)
List only the first author's name, followed by 'and others'. If they are editors, in the bibliography after listing their names use the abbreviation 'eds' in brackets eg. (eds).
Footnote - first time
1 Title of Book, ed. by Editor Firstname Editor Surname and others (Publisher Name, Year), p. page.
Footnote - subsequent short version
2 Shortened Title, ed. by Editor Surname and others, p. page.
Bibliography
Editor Surname, Editor Firstname, and others (eds), Title of Book (Publisher Name, Year)
Example:
Footnote - first time
1 Desire in Dante and the Middle Ages, ed. by Manuele Gragnolati and others (Legenda, 2012), p. 179.
Footnote - subsequent short version
2 Desire in Dante, ed. by Gragnolati and others, p. 156–157.
Bibliography
Gragnolati, Manuele, and others (eds), Desire in Dante and the Middle Ages (Legenda, 2012)
Put the URL of the website in angle brackets eg. <URL>, and include both the date the website was published and the date you accessed it.
Websites - named author
Footnote
Author Firstname Author Surname, ‘Title of page or article’, Title of internet site, DD Month Year site was published <URL> [accessed DD Month YYYY].
Footnote - subsequent short version
Author Surname, ‘Title'.
Bibliography
Author Surname, Author Firstname, ‘Title of page or article’, Title of internet site, DD Month Year site was published <URL> [accessed DD Month YYYY]
Example
Footnote
Shola Lee, ‘Holly Jackson: "Obviously, I Love Murder - Fictional Murder’, BBC News, 7 July 2024 <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/crgk41ylmgeo> [accessed 11 July 2024].
Footnote - subsequent short version
Lee, ‘Holly Jackson'.
Bibliography
Lee, Shola, , ‘Holly Jackson: "Obviously, I Love Murder - Fictional Murder’, BBC News, 7 July 2024 <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/crgk41ylmgeo> [accessed 11 July 2024]
Websites - no named author
Footnote / Endnote - first time
1 ‘Title of page or article’, Title of internet site, DD Month Year site was published <URL> [accessed DD Month YYYY].
In Footnote / Endnote - subsequent short version
2 'Title'.
In Bibliography
‘Title of page or article’, Title of internet site, DD Month Year site was published <URL> [accessed DD Month YYYY]
Example:
Footnote
‘Amy Levy’, Orlando, 2022 <https://orlando-cambridge-org.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/profiles/levyam> [accessed 11 July 2024].
Footnote - subsequent short version
‘Amy Levy'.
Bibliography
‘Amy Levy’, Orlando, 2022 <https://orlando-cambridge-org.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/profiles/levyam> [accessed 11 July 2024]
For examples and guidance on how to format footnote and bibliography references for all other formats - videos, films, podcasts, social media posts, art installations and literally anything you can think of - take a look at the Cite them right guidance;
This online guide has examples of how to reference books, articles, conferences, archives, all different types of art works, performances and exhibitions, digital and social media - literally anything you can think of!
When you do your dissertation you could consider using EndNote to manage your references. This bibliographic management package can be used to store references, and then insert the citation in your Word document, automatically building the bibliography for you in the correct style.
Find out more on our EndNote webpages:
For information on other options for electronic management of your references see our guide to Managing references:
For help with citing specific types of publication contact your subject librarian.
For advice on using references in your work, and how to use them to support your arguments, consult the guidance on the Study Advice website or make an appointment with them.